The physics of collective cell dynamics and morphogenesis is a highly interdisciplinary field that draws ideas from physics and mathematics to help understanding the development of multicellular organisms. Complementing the traditional route of biology, the perspective of cells and tissues as out-of-equilibrium materials with quantifiable physical properties offers novel insights into developmental biology, organoid dynamics and physical principles that can underlie certain diseases. In particular, by regarding the collective organisation of cells and morphogenesis as processes that are governed by both biochemical signals and mechanical forces, experimental tools and theoretical approaches from physics can contribute significantly to the mechanistic understanding of processes in living systems. These tools and approaches include the mechanical characterisation of cells and tissues, theories of active soft matter, out-of-equilibrium thermodynamics, mechano-chemical pattern formation and computational modelling.
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